吉林省天然红松居群表型变异分析及多样性研究

  目的  为揭示天然红松居群的表型分化程度及变异模式,以吉林省的6个天然红松居群为研究对象,  方法  采用方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及多性状综合评价等方法对红松居群的13个表型性状（针叶性状和种实性状）进行系统分析和综合评价。  结果  （1）除针叶束粗/针叶厚在居群间差异未达显著水平外,其余性状在居群内和居群间均达极显著差异水平（ P < 0.01）。（2）在居群间红松的平均表型分化系数为59.33%,其变异大于群体内（40.67%）。（3）6个居群的平均表型变异系数为11.30%,针叶性状和种实性状的表型变异系数依次为针叶性状（14.56%） > 球果性状（10.48%） > 种子性状（5.87%）。（4）主成分分析结果表明,红松居群表型多样性基本来源为针叶性状 > 种子性状 > 球果性状。（5）利用欧氏距离对红松居群进行聚类分析,将红松6个居群划分为3大类群,分别为P1与P6、P3与P5、P2与P4。（6）利用多性状综合评价法,分别以种实性状（种长、种宽、百粒质量和球果质量）和针叶性状（针叶长、针叶宽、针叶厚、针叶束粗）对天然红松居群进行评价,分别筛选出1个居群。  结论  红松居群具有中等的表型多样性,居群间和居群内均存在丰富的表型变异,研究结果为今后红松种质资源的保护和利用提供基础,为红松优良居群的构建提供材料。      

基于Random Forest的水稻细菌性条斑病识别方法研究

为了快速、准确、有效地识别发病早期的细菌性条斑病,提出基于随机森林(Random forest,RF)算法的水稻细菌性条斑病识别方法,利用光谱成像技术获取该病害的高光谱数据,通过多元散射校正减少和消除噪声及基线漂移对光谱数据的不利影响。利用随机森林特征重要性指标,选取逻辑回归(LR)、朴素贝叶斯(NB)、决策树(DT)、支持向量分类机(SVC)、k最近邻(KNN)和梯度提升决策树(Gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)算法进行对比试验。同时筛选出12个位于450~664 nm范围内对识别模型有重要影响的光谱波段,并与全波段进行分类结果比较。试验结果表明:RF算法的分类准确率为95.24%,与试验选取的其他算法相比,效果最优,比NB准确率提高了20.97个百分点;与全波段分类结果相比,利用RF算法基于12个波长的识别,波长数减少了98.05%,识别精确率为94.66%,召回率为99.55%,F1值为97.04%,准确率为94.32%。虽然精确率减少了2.97个百分点、准确率减少了0.85个百分点,但召回率增加了4.4个百分点、F1值增加了0.67个百分点,模型精度满足要求。     

利用多时序激光点云数据提取棉花表型参数方法

当前,能够实现作物表型参数高效、准确的测量和作物生育期表型参数的动态量化研究是表型研究和育种中亟待解决的问题之一。本研究以棉花为研究对象,采用三维激光扫描LiDAR技术获取棉花植株的多时序点云数据,针对棉花植株主干的几何特性,利用随机抽样一致算法（RANSAC）结合直线模型完成主干提取,并对剩余的点云进行区域增长聚类,实现各叶片的分割;在此基础上,完成植株体积、株高、叶长、叶宽等性状参数的估计。针对多时序棉花激光点云数据,采用匈牙利算法完成相邻时序作物点云数据的对齐、叶片器官对应关系的建立。同时,对各植株表型参数动态变化过程进行了量化。本研究针对3株棉花的4个生长点的点云数据,分别完成了主干提取、叶片分割,以及表型参数测量和动态量化。试验结果表明,本研究所采用的主干提取及叶片分割方法能够实现棉花的枝干和叶片分割。提取的株高、叶长、叶宽等表型参数与人工测量值的决定系数均趋近于1.0;同时,本研究实现了棉花表型参数的动态量化过程,为三维表型技术的实现提供了一种有效的方法。     

鲁甸县核桃种质资源表型多样性调查初报

通过调查鲁甸核桃604株成年结果树的物候特征、植物学特性、坚果的经济性状及丰产性得出:鲁甸县核桃种质资源萌芽期为2月上旬至4月上旬,集中期为2月下旬到3月中旬,雌雄花开放期集中在3月中下旬至4月上旬,果实成熟期集中在9月至10月;植物学上,在叶形、枝条颜色、雌花柱头、子房颜色、雄花序长度、青果性状等方面存在多样性;鲁甸核桃每果枝坐果数为1~7,还有串串核桃的存在,丰产性好;在树形方面,表现为自然圆头形、自然开心形、自然分层形、自然圆锥形的多样性,核桃坚果的三径均值、出仁率、仁重、单果重、壳厚的变异系数分别为9.48%、13.46%、24.05%、25.46%、25.74%,多样性较丰富。     

林分密度对观赏型南方红豆杉幼树生长及形态可塑性的影响

通过调查测定福建明溪县不同密度观赏型南方红豆杉人工林幼树的生长指标和形态指标,研究其生长及形态学特征与林分密度的关系。结果表明,不同密度林分的幼树在冠长、冠幅、地径、枝下高、侧枝数量等树冠特征性状和圆满度、枝叶浓密度等观赏性状方面均存在显著差异,在树高及叶色间不存在显著差异。林分密度对生物量的分布格局有着显著影响,对不同器官生物量、生物量分配比等指标均有显著影响;单株不同器官生物量和叶枝干等器官生物量分配比,根生物量分配比和地上/地下生物量比均随林分密度增加而降低。林分密度对1级侧枝分枝角、1级侧枝数量、1级侧枝密度及平均长度有着显著影响,且随着林分密度增加而下降,幼树树冠对林分密度有着显著可塑性响应,表现出强烈的可塑性反应。     

Arctic charr in Britain and Ireland – 15 species or one?

Abstract –  From both a modern and a historical perspective there is little doubt that the Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus , in Britain and Ireland (as well as elsewhere) is a 'difficult' species. Historically 15 separate species have been recognised from populations in Britain and Ireland and there have been recent attempts to reassert these specific names. Here we review the evidence for the status of these 'species'. We conclude that the evidence for these 15 being afforded full species status is poor. However, both historical and contemporary data show that Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758) in Britain and Ireland exhibits levels of variability in form that is much greater than in other species. We argue that a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic survey of charr populations in Britain and Ireland is required to determine the full extent of variability and the status of populations with a view of providing suitable protection.     

基于表型和SRAP 标记的切花菊品种遗传多样性分析

 利用45 个表型性状和SRAP 标记分析56 个切花菊品种的遗传多样性。表型变异分析结果 表明：21 个性状表现出品种内一致性高及品种间特异性强;主成分分析发现,主成分贡献值较大的性状 有花序直径、花序类型和瓣型等花部性状,其次是叶部和茎杆性状,说明所选用的切花菊品种在分类时 应以花部性状为主,叶部和茎杆性状为辅;表型性状基于遗传距离UPGMA 聚类,将56 个切花菊品种分 为平瓣类、匙瓣类、桂瓣类、匙瓣-平瓣类和管瓣类,聚类结果大致按照花径-瓣型-花型分类。14 对 SRAP 引物组合扩增56 个切花菊品种的DNA,共扩增出454 条带,其中多态性带423 条,占扩增带数的 93.17%,多态性含量PIC 值在0.72 ~ 0.89 之间,平均为0.82,说明切花菊品种在分子水平上具有丰富的 遗传多样性。基于SRAP 标记的UPGMA 聚类分析显示：品种间遗传相似系数在0.64 ~ 0.97 之间,将56 个切花菊品种分为平瓣类-匙瓣、桂瓣类和管瓣类,聚类结果大致按照花径-瓣型-花型分类。Mantel 检验相关性系数为0.682,两种聚类结果有相似之处,均能很好体现试验切花菊品种间的遗传关系。     

Phenotypic estimates and heritability values of Artemia franciscana

Artemia, in all stages of its life cycle, is suitable food for most diversified groups of aquatic animals. Although its size at different stages restricts its use as a food for some groups of fish, this problem can be overcome using selective breeding techniques. The formulation of any selective breeding programme calls for a proper understanding of the genetic architecture of the economically important traits of the population under study. Thus, heritability for certain important life history and reproductive traits was estimated in Artemia franciscana from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. In the present study, the sexwise heritability values for growth and reproduction traits were estimated using parent–offspring regression. The phenotypic parameters for the same traits are also recorded. The naupliar length was 487.0±2.0 and 490.6±1.8 μm for males and females, respectively, whereas the heritability values for naupliar length were 0.5851±0.2153 and 0.3766±0.1899 respectively. The length at 3 and 6 days of age were 1.87±0.03 and 4.10±0.08 mm, respectively, for males whereas 1.87±0.03 and 4.30±0.08 mm, respectively, for females. The heritability values for length at 3 and 6 days of age for males were 0.3272±0.3651 and 0.4965±0.2466, respectively, whereas the respective values for the females were 0.1167±0.3841 and 0.0222±0.2971. The estimates of length at first brood, pre‐reproductive period and number of offspring in first brood were 10.09±0.23 mm, 16.00±0.23 days and 53.57±1.37 days, respectively, whereas the heritability values for respective traits were 0.0403±0.1078, 0.3234±0.2874 and 0.3404±0.2202.     

The role of learning in fish orientation

Past research on fish orientation and migration has tended to focus on genetically fixed patterns of behaviour. However, in most aquatic environments, the physical landscape as well as biologically important locations will be subject to varying degrees of change, favouring an ability to learn. Here, we review the evidence from field and laboratory‐based experiments that fish can and do use learning and memory to orientate within their natural environments, relying on information from a diverse array of different sources. Comparisons of different species and populations suggest that fish may be predisposed to learn specific associations at specific times or places, appropriate for the particular navigational problems that they are likely to encounter.     

What are the prospects for black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) aquaculture in salt‐affected inland Australia?

Black bream are a highly regarded sport and table fish, and there has been considerable interest in their aquaculture potential for the salt‐affected agricultural regions of inland southern Australia. In many ways they are an ideal candidate species for inland saline aquaculture because they appear to be very hardy, hatchery techniques are well established for them, and high survival rates have been maintained under a variety of culture conditions and feeding regimes. However, their slow growth rate needs to be increased by at least 33% for black bream to become an economically viable aquaculture species. Growth is amenable to genetic improvement, and sub‐adult growth rate shows moderate heritability and no adverse genetic correlations with other production traits. Nevertheless fillet yield is comparatively low, and in conjunction with unpredictable and early sexual development in culture, industry‐scale meat production remains problematic. These obstacles, however, do not preclude the use of black bream as a recreational fish species for inland saline waters, where their stocking may provide an additional source of rural income and relieve fishing pressure on depleted estuarine populations.